Material Flow Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Material Flow Accounting - Essay Example These methods have proved popular at national levels following the new Think Green Trend which now seems to have taken over even the fiscal and monetary policy of the public and private sector and has often even been termed a system for integrated environmental and economic accounting. Browne (2005).The EIA and the EMS have proved to be very popular tools of the Environmental Impact Assessment strategies and the trend has so far not been restricted to the USA but many other jurisdictions are now changing their laws (particularly the EU) in order to be better able to reduce the stress on natural sources and the environmental impacts and increase the operating efficiency of certain firms which may otherwise be an environmental hazard. (Durrenberger, G., Hartmann, C.2002).The EIS is fast becoming a tool for An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and such a statement through the use of accounting techniques like the MFA and LCA(discussed down below will be used to give an assessment of the positive and/or negative environmental influences that a project may have on the environment. The statement will then identify and foresee the social and biological impacts ion the environment as a part of good practice and sometimes legal compulsion in many countries today to decide whether the project being undertaken is worth the damage it will have on the environment. ... (Fehily, Timoney & Co. 1999).To facilitate such as analysis two techniques have developed in the yester decades to provide a more technical prediction of the environmental cost and benefit analysis. (Fehily, Timoney & Co. 1999)Firstly there is the Material flow analysis (MFA) which will amalgamate the material flows with in a development transaction and will also calculate indicators and develop strategies and measures for improving material flow systems.Thus academic opinion has endorsed it a credible method of assuring the sustainability of industrial ecology along with the techniques of LCA ( life cycle assessment).The MFA will be used while making decisions in the EMS and EIS by capturing the mass balances in an economy or an upcoming development transaction , where inputs (extractions + imports) equal outputs (consumptions + exports+ accumulation + wastes), and will utilize the laws of Thermodynamics. (Fehily, Timoney & Co. 1999).This method facilitates the decision making proce ss in the Impact Assessment by recognizing that the total amount of matter and energy involved at each and every stage of the economic cycle is required for all economic activities. The pith and substance of the analysis thus becomes the query whether flow of materials is sustainable in terms of the environmental burden it creates. (Fehily, Timoney & Co. 1999). In an EIS statement the MFA will be used to minimize the flow of materials while maximizing the human welfare generated by the flow. This is because the MFA system is involved in the monitoring of wastes that are typically unaccounted for in traditional economic analyses. (Kahn, H., Brown, W., Martel, L. 1976). Similarly then we have the system for the life

Sales Promotion Techniques used by JETBLUE Research Paper

Sales Promotion Techniques used by JETBLUE - Research Paper Example JetBlue not only offers the service of air travel at cheap rates but it also tries to set itself apart from its competitors by offering a product that is superior than the rest at prices people can afford. With the objective of providing superior in-flight experience the airline was the first to offer all the passengers with a personalized service. Each seat had its own flat-screen monitor installed at the back and it allowed passengers to tune into many of DirecTV channels at the same cost. Due to its focus on providing the best service to passengers, the airline became synonymous to customer service. The airline was given a four-star rating by SKYTRAX (The World’s 4-Star Airlines| official SKYTRAX Airline Ranking). In 2007 a violent snowstorm led to a collapse of JetBlue’s and passengers were made to wait for many hours to wait for clearance to take-off. Many of the flights were even cancelled. This hurt JetBlue’s status badly, however, the airline was able to deal with the crisis effectively and rebuild its image among its customers. JetBlue’s success should be credited to its belief of â€Å"flying people† rather than â€Å"flying airplanes†. Low Air-fare & Superior Customer Service: The aviation industry is very competitive and most of the airlines have a lot of trouble in creating brand loyalty among the customers. Passengers usually search for available flights usually on sites such as orbitz.com, travelocity.com and expedia.com. The passengers, most of the times, end up buying a ticket on the flight that provides them with the cheapest fare (Lambrano). Hence airline companies have to come up with travel deals with cheaper rates than their competitors. They also need to reduce their costs and at the same time provide great customer service to passengers in order to attract more and more customers. JetBlue was able to do just that. When David Neeleman founded JetBlue, the idea was to provide passengers with a low-cost airline without compromising on the in-flight experience. When customers travel with JetBlue not only will they be able to reduce their fare costs by as much as 65% but they would also enjoy a great travel experience as JetBlue offers wider seat s, more legroom, and more overhead storage space than any other airline in its class and, with 24 channels of live in-flight television, passengers would not have to miss on any of their shows while travelling (JetBlue Airways, The First 'Mega Start-Up' Unveils Launch Plans 1999). Through these measures JetBlue was able to increase the demand for their service as more and more passengers were attracted to flying with JetBlue. Not only were the low fares an incentive to travel for the customers, but the great in-flight experience provided by the airline offered an added incentive for customers to travel with JetBlue. Hence by lowering its cost the airline was able to offer lower rates for its flight fares as compared to its competitors. Coupled with that, it was embedded in the DNA of the airline to provide a high quality in-flight experience to their passengers better than the rest. As a result JetBlue was able to create some brand loyalty among its customers who kept utilizing JetB lue’s service while travelling because of the very personalized in-flight experience that they received. Eventually these customers would also recommend JetBlue to their friends or colleagues. Hence the role of word of mouth was a big help to increase the airline’s sales. When first-time travellers of JetBlue were asked from where they had heard about the airline more than 70% answered that they had heard about it from a friend (Carton 2001). Customer service plays an important role in improving JetBlue sales. It

UK Policy Makers Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

UK Policy Makers - Case Study Example It is surprising why they do not ask themselves the crucial question" who are we working for and whose interest are we serving The answer would surely not be the councilor but the organization. The planning department was formed with the clear objective of providing a medium and a platform whereby the government officials could work in harmony with the developers and come forward with solutions on how to develop property in future, how to grant licenses and facilitating the developers with other such legal matters. However, the current stance of the officials of the planning development is full of negativity and they seek reasons to reject any and all applications irrespective of their compliance or non-compliance with the policies. The councilor himself seems to have no stringent code of conduct whereby he has indulged five times in lobbying and trying to influence the planning officer into declining my application for development. If this might be vague in convincing one of his intentions, he even appointed a temporary planning officer, to cover for Mr. F in his short absence from work, who more than stood up to the expectations of his boss and indulged in racism, negligence and lying , all witnessed by two witnesses with written statements. In the following statements, please take note of the... 1. Abuse of Power/Invasion of Privacy: The leave of Mr. F, my case officer and also the person who had recommended my application for approval, was en-cashed and made use of to suit their own ends and Mr. S. was ordered by Mr. W to take over Mr. F's responsibilities in his absence. Eager to please his boss, Mr. S wrote an appeal to refuse the application and to visit the site without prior notice. The question to be asked at this point in time is: Is a temporary planning officer, working as a temporary replacement only, entitled to such authority that he can contradict another officer's recommendation and write an appeal for the rejection of a case The second question that comes to mind is, why was I, being a proprietor and having complete ownership rights of it, not informed prior to conducting such a site visit The second offence is linked to this unannounced "Site Visit". 2. Breaking of statutory laws: Mr. S, or for that matter any planning officer in his place, is bound by law to issue a notification to the owner 24-48 hours before the site visit. 3. Entering Private Property under false pretences: Mr. S. lied to my tenants about the purpose of their visit and entered the site by mis-informing them : -They had my permission to visit the site -They were working in my interest 4. Racial Profiling: Mr. S on his site visit, disclosed personal information to my tenants in order to get friendly with them to take out information from them about me. Racial discrimination or profiling at any level is not encouraged much less from personnel bearing the Government assigned designations. The question to be asked at this level is, In effect

Rights given to prison inmates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rights given to prison inmates - Essay Example Also, prisoners cannot be discriminated against on the basis of their religion, national origin or sex . In addition, they have the right to pursue legal action if they feel prison administrators’ causes them harm and also to fair treatment whilst awaiting trial (Cornell University Law School). Also, prisoners have a right to be prosecuted for their crimes in a timely manner. Prisoners also have the right to free religion and speech but with some limitations in prison (Cornell University Law School). It must be noted that the courts generally tend to side with prison officials or administrators when going over issues prisoners’ rights in prison. There is no strict scrutiny on whether the prisoner’s living standards are as should be, rather a broader look at whether any constitutional rights are not being met (Cornell University Law School). To conclude, prisoners are afforded some basic rights while incarcerated. The rights given have gotten substantially better over the years. One right that should possibly be given to prisoners is some privacy as this is non-existent in prisons. Prison administrators do not face a much regulation in dealing with prisoners which needs regulated to promote protection of rights. References Cornell University Law School.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique - Essay Example The essay "Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique" talks about an advanced imaging technique used in the field of medicine under radiology particularly how it works. All bodies expose themselves to water molecules. The water molecule has two protons and hydrogen nuclei. When one is using a powerful magnetic field of a scanner, the overall magnetic moment of different protons aligns themselves in the direction of the field. Turning on of the radio frequency transmitter follows, thus, producing different electromagnetic fields. The electromagnetic field has the appropriate frequency termed as resonance frequency; the protons in the magnetic field absorb and flip the spin. After a while, when the electromagnetic field is in off status, the protons’ spins get to thermal dynamic equilibrium. The bulk magnetizations get aligned by the static field. As a result, this relaxation, radio frequency signals arise; these can be measured using receiver coils. Additional magnetic fields can facilitate learning about the information regarding the origin of the 3D space during the scan. Fields generated by passing electrical current via gradient coils results to varying magnetic fields in reference to the position of the magnet. This also alters the frequency of the signal, as it depends on the origin of the signal. Mathematically, the distribution of the signal can also be recovered from the body; however, this uses the inverse frontier transformation. After the relaxation rates, protons in various tissues return to the equilibrium.

Task Archetype Essay Example for Free

Task Archetype Essay Every man is born with a task which he must fulfill and if he is successful, the world recognizes him for it. Fate is unarguably the main factor that pushes a man towards his task; he is nothing but fates puppet. Task can be as simple as finishing homework which will get you good marks, to complex things such as deciding your familys fate through your actions. The situational archetype of The Task is precisely analyzed and adapted in Mario Puzos novel The Godfather, Francis Ford Coppolas The Godfather Part 1 and 2 movie and The Real Godfather documentary. The archetype â€Å"The task† is well explained and adapted in the novel, The Godfather. Michael Corleone is one of the main protagonists who demonstrates his task perfectly. Michael, a war-hero, never wishes to get involved in his family business and yet is forced to get involved as life plays its tricks on him. Vito Corleone, Michael’s father and the Mafia boss of the Corleone family, is almost assassinated by hitmens (Puzo, 78-79) and is admitted in a hospital. Shortly after Michael visits his father in the hospital, Cpt. McCluskey arrives and punches Michael in the face, breaking his jaw for showing disrespect to him (Puzo, 129-130). This is the triggering point of Michael’s fate of him getting involved in the family’s business because the hit was not to his body but to his father’s life and his pride. Michael accepts and performs his task of enormous proportion by volunteering to take out the enemies of the family (Puzo, 135-136). This superhuman deed of Michael fulfilling his task identifies him and allows him to assure his rightful position in the family as the future Don Corleone. The task is also portrayed in the movies: Godfather part 1 and 2. In part 1, Michael Corleone visually displays his task being fulfilled. When Michael Corleone is set to get revenge for his father as discussed in the previous paragraph, Michael’s older brother Sonny Corleone says, â€Å"You’re taking this very personal [†¦] this man is taking it very, very personal† (Godfather I) and Michael coldly replies, â€Å"It’s not personal Sonny, it’s strictly business† (God father I). Michael’s resolve is so strong to achieve his task only due to the fateful circumstances that lead him towards it. Don Vito Corleone often tells Michael that, â€Å"Every man has but one destiny† (Godfather I) meaning that a member of a Mafia family cannot defy his fate. This is proven as unfortunate circumstances in Michael’s life get him involved in the family which has always been his fateful task. In Godfather II, Michael is shown fulfilling his task but at  the same time facing many hardships such as assassination attempts and losing his family. This shows how Michael fulfills his fateful task while facing the harshest problems any man in the world can face. Finally, the task archetype influences the thinking of everyday people in the world and this is shown through the documentary: The Real Godfather. This documentary basically shows how world of mobsters was influenced by the Godfather series and vice-versa. In the late 1970s, Mario Puzo’s novel The Godfather was an instant success globally and Paramount pictures wanted to turn this epic classic novel into an epic classic movie which was their task. Little did they know the gravity of problems they were going to face later on. Since Godfather was based on Italian-Americans, a civil-rights league of Italian-Americans decided to be not in favor of the movie as it exposed their people too much. The league had connections with the mobs of New York City, who threatened the directors and producers of Paramount.

Literature Review About IPS And IDS Computer Science Essay

Literature Review About IPS And IDS Computer Science Essay In this chapter is to provide the study and review about Intrusion Detection System and Intrusion Prevention System which have done by expert and professor. According to (Tony Bradley, 2004), intrusion detection system (IDS) is to monitor traffic and monitor for suspicious activity. And it will give alerts to network administrator and the system. And IDS also will respond to malicious traffic by taking action to block the user or the IP address from accessing to the network. According to (Ameya Talwalkar, Symantec Manager of Intrusion Prevention Systems), Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) is a protection technology to provide security of the network. It is the front line to defence against malware, Trojans, Dos attacks, malicious code transmission, backdoor activity and blended threats. The next section will present the details of Intrusion Prevention System (IPS). Figure 1.1 is the flowchart of the key points in literature review about IPS and IDS. What is IPS What is IDS Literature review What is HIDS What is HIPS What is NIPS What is NIDS Identify Pros Cons Which are better to prevent threats Figure 1.1: Classifying the literature review 2.2 Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) There are some benefits have been justified Intrusion Prevention System as a breakthrough in the computer security. According to (Neil Desai, 2003), the main supporting idea on technical side of Intrusion Prevention System is inline network-based system. Besides that, there also have another variation of IPS which is called Layer 7 switches that have include detection and migration of Distributed Denial-if-Service attack (DDoS) and Denial-of-Service attack (DoS) based on awareness of the traffic. Every Intrusion Prevention System will generate alert based on policy or signature and they also will initiate a response which have been programmed into the system. These aleart will happen as a result for a signature match or violation of uniqueness. Secondly, according to (Benjamin Tomhave, 2004) there have a reports have identifies most of the Intrusion Detection System also have been include Intrusion Prevention System capabilities. It given a good defines set of signature or policies. So it makes sense for Intrusion Detection System work with Intrusion Prevention System capabilities. At the end, a successful deployment and the return on the investment will directly relate to how well to manage the solution and how well the network has been design. Thirdly, according to (Joel Esler, Andrew R.Baker, 2007) stated that Intrusion Prevention System are more in defence. It has been design to detect malicious packets inside the normal traffic and stop intrusions dead. And automatically block all the unwanted traffic before it bring any damage to the system rather than giving alert before or after the malicious packets have been delivered. Fourthly, Intrusion Prevention System has been added to existing firewall and antivirus solution. According to (Karen Scarfone, Peter Mell, 2007) Intrusion Prevention System is to monitor traffic and automatically drop the packets which has included malicious, scrutinizing suspicious sessions or taking other actions in immediate real time response to an attack. A good Intrusion Prevention device will check all inbound and outbound traffic. It can check on all types of packets and performs many type of detection analysis, which is a not only individual packet. It also needs to check on traffic pattern, view each of the transaction in the context of the packets come before and after. Lastly, Intrusion Prevention System product should take the advantages and implement some new detection technique and offer other type of intervention method. According to (Joel Esler, Andrew R.Baker, 2007) Intrusion Prevention System products should provide multiple modes of operation for user to choose, so they can become more confident in the product or change their network security policies. There are two types of ISP which are HIPS and NIPS. Host-based Intrusion Prevention (HIPS) is an application which monitors a single host for suspicious activity. Network-based Intrusion Prevention (NIPS) is to analyze protocol activity on the entire network. The next section will discusses about HIPS and NIPS. 2.2.1 Host-based Intrusion Prevention System (HIPS) According to (Dinesh Sequeira, 2002), Host-based Intrusion Prevention System is a software program install on individual system such as laptop, workstations or servers. When it detected an attack, the Host-based Intrusion Prevention System will block the attack at network interface level or tell the application or operating system to prevent the attack. Secondly, according to (NSS Group, 2004) Host-based Intrusion Prevention Systems relies on agents installed directly on the system being protected. Host-based Intrusion Detection Systems are binds closely with the operating system kernel and services, monitoring and intercepting system calls to the kernel or APIs in order to prevent attacks as well as records them. It may also monitor data streams and the environment specific to a particular application (file locations and Registry settings for a Web server) in order to protect these applications from generic attacks which signature has not yet exists in the database. Lastly, according to (Neil Desai, 2003) Host-based Intrusion Prevention Systems are used to protect both servers and workstations through software that runs between the systems applications and OS kernel. The software can be reconfigured to determine the protection rules based on intrusion and attack signatures. The Host-based Intrusion Prevention Systems will catch suspicious activity on the system and then, depending on the predefined rules, it will either block or allow the event to happen. At the next section, we will discuss about Network-based Intrusion Prevention (NIPS) and intrusion detection system (IDS). 2.2.2 Network-based Intrusion Prevention System (NIPS) Network Intrusion Prevention Systems (NIPS) are totally operating on a different concept which serves the purpose to build hardware or software platforms that are designed to analyze, detect, and report on security related events. Network Intrusion Prevention Systems are designed to inspect traffic and based on their configuration or security policy, they can drop malicious traffic as well as prevent the network from being contaminated with malicious data such as virus and worms. Network-based Intrusion Protection System able to detect malicious packets which are design to overlook by firewall filtering rules. Intrusion Prevent System is not a replacement for firewall but it is one part in the intelligent firewall. It is used to increase system specific or network wide security. The advantages of Network-based Intrusion Prevention System discussed as follows: NIPS reduce Constant Monitoring NIPS is an inline network device NIPS perform deep packet inspection NIPS as a tool to prevent attacks Tony Bradley, (2004), [Online] http://netsecurity.about.com/cs/hackertools/a/aa030504.htm [Accessed 5th March 2004] Jonathan Hassell, (2005), [Online] http://searchenterprisedesktop.techtarget.com/news/column/0,294698,sid192_gci1089830,00.html [Accessed 19th May 2005] Neil Desai, (2003), [Online] http://www.symantec.com/connect/articles/intrusion-prevention-systems-next-step-evolution-ids [Accessed 27th February 2003] Benjamin Tomhave, (2004), [Online] http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:ZlxT5m72JZwJ:falcon.secureconsulting.net/papers/218-Research-Paper-FINAL.pdf+Benjamin+Tomhave+2004+IPS+articlehl=engl=mypid=blsrcid=ADGEEShEwpU07d-WvGPhlP3rIASlIyrH0CbGBjGBseUptTNHYRFqaApljgqESo9QEftMQHf3CApOji91saq_gEj-ZlLMXx3aPBS6SckaoJrzVwPiZBwTQ6gcpoHaH0ER-l4_ygilLw9asig=AHIEtbS-NuLUg635h_DHoKW8qafXwRwJUw [Accessed 10th November 2004] Joel Esler, Andrew R.Baker, (2007), Snort IDS and IPS Toolkit, [Online] http://books.google.com.my/books?id=M9plZZxJB_UCpg=PR3dq=Snort+IDS+and+IPS+Toolkit:+IDS+and+IPS+toolkithl=enei=_yDETK7iDM34cYK6la4Fsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-preview-linkresnum=2ved=0CDYQuwUwAQ#v=onepageq=Snort%20IDS%20and%20IPS%20Toolkit%3A%20IDS%20and%20IPS%20toolkitf=false [Accessed 1st February 2007) Karen Scarfone, Peter Mell, (2007), Guide to Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS) , [Online] http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-94/SP800-94.pdf [Accessed February 2007] NSS Group, (2004), Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS), [Online] http://hosteddocs.ittoolbox.com/BW013004.pdf [Accessed January 2004] Dinesh Sequeira (2002), Intrusion Prevention System à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Securityà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s Silver Bullet?, [Online] http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:OK14t-hsmQAJ:www.sans.org/reading_room/papers/%3Fid%3D366+Intrusion+Prevention+Systems:+Security%27s+Silver+Bullet%3Fhl=engl=mypid=blsrcid=ADGEEShhB2J1ArllgI1mGNhp91RCpNpSf0t7BGUQtWPwmISpe3xmaTI0ym-Bh0Thlq2Gmoq9K6vRKN7xBKphn_fwCgUFaPej_NetBAPccgZXY0wSVyFAlLzsNkMwZjqSdn4XEdxAybctsig=AHIEtbQqUFej4tL8ln14oplPfky7GGstMA [Accessed 2002]